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Macs can perform slowly, too. If your Mac seems to be running slower than it should, the variety of tips here should help you identify and fix the problem. There are many reasons a Mac might be slow.Stay away from programs that promise to “optimize” your Mac and make it run faster. Some “cleaning” programs — like the Mac version of CCleaner — can remove temporary files and free up space, but they won’t make your Mac perform faster.

Manage Your Startup Items

It goes without saying that a clean startup helps speed up a slow Macbook. When your Mac launches faster, it takes less time to do anything. No waiting for Safari, Chrome, or Firefox to load — they open instantly. How do you get such speed? Well, when your Mac boots up, it runs a lot of unnecessary apps. It’s quite easy to take control of it again. Go to your System Preferences > Users & Groups and then click on your username. Now click on “Login Items,” select a program you don’t immediately need when your Mac starts up, and click the “-” button below.

Use Activity Monitor

If you want to see what apps are using up your system, open the Activity Monitor in the Utilitiesfolder.

Activity Monitor shows all the processes on your Mac (some of which you can’t or shouldn’t close) so click on View and Windowed Processes. Now click on the CPU button and the CPU column to list all programs by the amount of CPU they are using.

You can also use this to see what memory, disk and network processes are using up resources. A new feature in Mavericks is Energy that enables you to see which apps and processes are using up the most amount of energy from your battery.

Clean Up Your Hard Drive

If you want the most bang for your buck, cleaning your hard drive is by far the best and easiest way to speed up Macbook or iMac. Go through your hard drive and clean out everything that’s slowing it down. But how to clean up a Mac? What to look for? Caches, logs, apps, widgets, language packs, plugins, hidden trashes, and large files. Good news is, you can clean up Mac manually. But (there’s always a but) finding all of these things and removing them takes time, plus you have to know where to look. So there’s an easy solution to it,CleanMyMac 3 app has everything you need to finish the 3-hour task of hard drive cleanup in under 5 minutes. Even more, it will clean up the junk you didn’t even know about and give your Mac major a speedup.

Update Your Mac (OS and Hardware)

Typically, Macs take care of themselves. The latest software from Apple makes speeding your Mac up simple. Currently, the latest OS X is El Capitan. Compare it to the OS X version on your Mac by clicking on the apple icon in the top left corner of your screen. Then click About This Mac. Make sure you have the latest OS X installed (or the latest you can install, since not all Macs upgrade to El Capitan). As for the hardware upgrade, as you’ve probably guessed, it’s costly. But if your OS is the latest you can install on your Mac and you’ve cleaned up your hard drive, and you still have troubles with speed, this could be your option. Keep in mind that upgrading Mac hardware is not possible on certain Macs.

Must Read:How to Fix Common iPhone 6 Problems

Manage your startup items

Obviously, a clean startup helps speed up a Macbook that’s running slowly. No wasted time waiting for Chrome, Firefox, or Safari to load. Instant access! Well, when your Mac boots up, it runs a lot of unnecessary apps that slow your Mac down.

Take control of your Mac again! Go to your System Preferences > Users & Groups and then click on your username. Now click on Login Items. Select a program you don’t immediately need when your Mac starts up, and then click the “–” button below.

Taking care of these startup programs is an easy way to help add speed to your Mac.

Turn off visual effects

Most Macs are now capable of running Mac OS X Mavericks without any trouble. But some people prefer to keep the dock static to prevent slowdown. Click System Preferences > Dock and uncheck the following check boxes:

Magnification
Animate opening applications
Automatically hide and show the dock
Turn off accessibility

Now click on Minimize windows using and change Genie Effect to Scale Effect.

Repair Disk Permissions

This might sound complicated, but it’s actually not that hard. In short, it means checking if your Mac goes to the right places to get info. It’s an alternative to the old “turn it off and on again” method. But it involves using Terminal (if you’re on El Capitan) and if you’re not familiar with it, we recommend simply “downloading CleanMyMac 3”, a Mac maintenance app that has a bunch of optimizing tools, including one-click disk permission repair. If Terminal doesn’t scare you much, you can open it and run commands. To open Terminal, either use Spotlight Search and type it in, or find it in the Apps/Utilities folder.

Now, in the Terminal window, type in this:
sudo /usr/libexec/repair_packages --verify --standard-pkgs /This will verify permissions. If you see anything (or a lot of things) starting with “Permissions differ”, type in this:

sudo /usr/libexec/repair_packages --repair --standard-pkgs --volume /

Update your software (and set to auto update)

Make sure you perform a software update for Mac OS X and all the apps installed in Mac. Click on the Apple icon in the menu bar and choose Software Update (or open Software Update in the App Store).

If you have apps purchased outside of the App Store, they will need to be updated separately. You’ll usually find Check for Software Update from the program name in the menu bar.

AppFresh is an app that can help keep track of all your software and checks it constantly to see if updates are available. Some apps can also self-update by integrating with AppFresh.

You should also make sure that Mac OS X keeps itself up to date. Click on System Preferences > App Store and ensure that Automatically Check For Updates is ticked. You can also tick Install App Updates, which will automatically ensure that apps are updated.

Clear out your caches

If you regularly use your computer, odds are that it’s building up all sorts of cruft over time. That’s taking up space on your hard drive, and could also be slowing down applications. Web browsers, with their backlog of history and massive caches, are famous for this, which is why it’s a good idea to clear your cache from time to time. But they’re not the only programs that build up caches and other files over time, which is why we recommend you check out CCleaner for Mac.

Uninstall software you don’t use

Freeing up space on your boot drive can increase performance, particularly if your drive is nearly full. An easy way to save a bunch of space is to delete apps you don’t use anymore. So if you’re the kind of person who installs a bunch of apps and then forgets about them, it’s time for a journey. We need to head to your Applications folder and take out the trash. But don’t just drag your applications to the Trash icon -that will leave behind a bunch of stuff you don’t need. Instead, look into the free application AppCleaner.

Find and delete unnecessary files

Apps probably aren’t taking up most of the space on your drive — it’s files. But which ones? The free application Grand Perspective gives you a birds-eye view of your files, with the largest files taking the form of the biggest blocks. Explore this and see if there are any large files you want to delete or move to an external hard drive for long-term storage.

Clean up your desktop

Here’s a quick tip: if your desktop is a cluttered mess of icons, clean it up. Your desktop is a window like any other, so if it’s so overwhelming you can’t find files, it’s also probably slowing down your system. Even putting everything on your desktop into a folder can help, if you’re too overwhelmed to actually sort everything. We get it.

Internet Tips , Mobiles , updates , What’s New Online

How to Speed Up a Mac ?

||Satnam Shri Waheguru Ji|| undocopy.com Thursday, August 11, 2016

Encrypted messages can't be read by anyone but the intended

Managing your email inbox is an important part of running a business, but email exchanges can be slow and fragmented. For quick and easy communication, instant messaging is more convenient than email, and more secure than SMS text messaging at least if you have the right app. A secure messaging application will let you safely exchange private information with employees, clients and co-workers, without worrying that your data could be compromised.

But what does it mean for messaging to be secure? Usually, it means that your messages are encrypted before they even leave your device. Encrypted messages can't be read by anyone other than the intended recipient, even if they're intercepted during the exchange. Some apps even offer self-destruct functionality, letting you send messages that are automatically deleted after they're read. No messaging app is totally foolproof, but business users with privacy concerns would be wise to check out these five secure messengers for iPhone, Android, Windows Phone and BlackBerry devices.

Signal Private Messenger (Free) – Android, iOS

Secure, free and easy to use, Signal Private Messenger (available on iOS and Android) is our favorite secure texting app overall. The app features end-to-end encryption to keep all of your private correspondences secure. And while it’s simpler than some of the other options on this list, it has plenty of features that power users will appreciate. That includes the ability to set up encrypted groups for private conversations with your entire work team. And while most secure messaging apps require both parties to be using the same application for encryption to work, Signal Private Messenger sets itself apart by working with standard SMS text messages, as well as SMS picture messages. That means business users can use the app to add an extra layer of security to regular texting, even if the client or colleague you're messaging isn't on board.

BlackBerry Messenger (Free) – iOS, Android, Windows Phone, BlackBerry

BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) has broader compatibility than most messaging apps; it's the obvious pick for BlackBerry users, and it's also available for Android, iOS and Windows Phone devices. Instead of connecting with others using phone numbers or email addresses, each user is identified by a unique personal identification number (PIN). That keeps the service private and gives you more control over who contacts you. All messages are encrypted during transmission, and pass through a firewall before they hit BlackBerry's servers, so they can only be decrypted by a private key on the intended receiver's device. Individual businesses can also obtain a unique encryption key for an extra layer of security.

Gliph (Free) – Android, iOS

Gliph is a secure messaging service that you can use on all of your computing devices. When you're on the go, use the iOS or Android app on your smartphone. When you're at the office, use the Gliph desktop app so you can send and receive messages using a mouse and keyboard. Another key feature is "Real Delete," which lets you permanently delete a message from both the sending and receiving device, as well as the Gliph server, whenever you choose. You can also attach a pseudonym to your main account at any time, so you can use a screen name for personal chatting and switch back to your real name for professional communications.

Wickr (Free) – Android, iOS

Wickr (available for Android and iOS) is a secure messaging app that lets you set an "expiration date" for every message you send; just select a date and time for your media to expire, and it will automatically be deleted at that time. That way, you don't have to worry about a third party inadvertently reading private communications that are left on a contact's smartphone. Meanwhile, the app features end-to-end encryption for all messages, and it lets you remove metadata from individual messages, such as the time it was sent, as well as geo-location data. Another handy feature gives you the ability to completely clear away message files that have been manually deleted but still reside on your smartphone's memory. Wickr also has standard messaging features, like the ability to chat with groups of up to 10 people at once.

Telegram – Android, iOS, Windows Phone

Telegram (available for Android, iOS and Windows Phone) is a messaging app that features end-to-end encryption so your messages can only be read by the intended recipients, with no data logged on Telegram's servers. Like Wickr, Telegram lets you program your messages to self-destruct from both devices at a particular time so there's no record of it. It's also a solid app for everyday messaging, letting you create group chats with up to 200 people so you can stay connected with everyone in your company at once. Regular messages are stored in the cloud so you can easily access them from any device running the Telegram app. Support for Windows Phone also helps this app stand out, making it one of the few good alternatives to BlackBerry Messenger on the platform.

Education , Ideas , Internet Tips , Mobiles , new

Best Secure Messaging Apps.

||Satnam Shri Waheguru Ji|| undocopy.com Tuesday, August 9, 2016

Even though we use our iPhones all day every day, there are still a handful of features that are relatively unknown.Some of these features are buried in the Settings menu while others are hidden in plain sight.Whether it’s downloading top-notch apps, listening to music on iTunes or asking Siri for help, there’s never a shortage of neat things you can do on your iPhone. But here are a few fun tricks you probably didn’t know your device was capable of.

Emoji Shortcuts

Did you know your iPhone lets you type out your emojis with shortcuts? Say you’ve created a shortcut named “heartz” for the heart emoji; this means every time you type in “heartz” in a message, the aforementioned emoji will immediately appear. It sure beats the hassle of switching keyboards. Click here to see how it’s done.

Snap Pics with Your Headphones

One super-easy trick that many people still don’t know: once you’ve launched the iPhone camera app you can tap the Volume Up (+) button on your headphones to take a picture. It’s perfect for snapping selfies or pics from afar. You can also use them to ignore calls, prompt Siri, rewind a song and more – click here to learn more about the hidden controls of the iPhone headphones.

Shake It Out

Don’t like what you just typed? Just shake your iPhone to get rid of it. Once you do, you’ll have the option to Undo Typing. You can shake it once more to Redo Typing, in case you change your mind. This even works if you’ve accidentally archived or deleted an email. Simply shake your phone to Undo Archive or Undo Trash.

Read It Off-Line

Want to save an online article to read later? Press down on the page and wait for a menu to pop up. Then tap Add to Reading List. Your article is then saved to your Reading List, which is located within the Bookmarks icon in Safari’s navigation bar. The best part is that you can access this list off-line. So, you’ll be able to read all your saved articles even when you don’t have INTERNET access.

Up In the Air

Even if you’re not in the air, you should turn your device on Airplane Mode while it’s charging. Why? Because with all the data cut off, your iPhone will charge a lot faster. It comes in handy when you’re running low on juice and need a quick charge.

To the Right, To the Right

Forget back buttons. From the edge of the screen, swipe to the right to go back to your previous page. It works in Mail, Messages, Safari and even on certain apps like Instagram.

Use Siri to Tweet

Siri has your back when it comes to keeping up with your social media updates. Command her to Post a Tweet and she’ll do it for you. Just be sure your device is logged in to your Twitter account first. Click here to see how it’s done.

Custom Vibrations

Custom ringtones are fun, but if your iPhone is usually set to vibrate, you may get more out of setting up custom vibrations. To do this, select someone from your Contacts List and tap Edit. Scroll down to Vibration. You can choose from stock vibrations like Heartbeat, Rapid and S.O.S or choose Create New Vibration to make your own pattern. Click here to learn more about custom vibrations.

Turn Off Read Receipts

If you don’t want others to know when you’ve read their messages, simply disable Read Receipts. Go to your Settings, tap Messages and then turn off the Send Read Receipts function. It’s as easy as that.

life , Mobiles , new , other

Things You Didn't Know Your iPhone Could Do

||Satnam Shri Waheguru Ji|| undocopy.com Sunday, August 7, 2016

The iPad is a great tool for both entertainment and productivity. To get the most out of it, however, you have to know its secrets, and here are 10 of the best ones:

1: Using the sidebar

According to Time, the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro sport a cool new feature: the ability to open apps up in a special sidebar without leaving your existing app. All you have to do is swipe a finger from the right to bring up a list of all apps compatible with this feature. Click your desired app and begin multitasking right away!

2: Use your iPad as a virtual card table

Many people don’t realize the amount of traditional tabletop games that the iPad can replace – including a deck of cards! According to Business Insider, the Card Table app allows users to view their hand of cards on their compatible smartphones and use the iPad as a virtual table. Just like that, you’ve got the fun of 52 cards without the worry of picking them up!

3: Hands-free messaging

According to Apple’s own website, one of the simplest iPad tricks is to let Siri handle your messaging. She interacts with your contact list and allows you to send messages by referencing a person’s name, such as telling the iPad “Tell Brad that dinner is at 6:00.” This is great when your hands are occupied by those same dinner preparations.

4: Never stop watching video

From cute cat videos to insightful instructions, we live in a world where video dominates everything. It’s annoying to stop what you are watching to accomplish more mundane tasks like responding to emails. According to Time, the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro let you do both at the same time. Simply press the home button when you are watching videos or using Facetime and the video minimizes to the bottom right corner of the screen while you use other apps.

5: Instant exposure adjustment

One of the greatest abilities of the iPad is to take photos and immediately edit them. With iOS , adjusting exposure is easier than ever. According to Apple, you simply tap where you want to establish the automatic exposure and focus. Then, all you have to do is slide your fingers up and down to adjust the picture’s exposure.

6: Create a second monitor

According to Business Insider, you can use apps such as Air Display 2 to create a second monitor. This is great for those who want extra productivity or just want to double their onscreen fun, all for a fraction of the price of an actual new monitor.

7: Browse all of your files anywhere, anytime

The Apple website notes that the iCloud drive app allows you to browse and open all of your files via compatible applications on your iPad. This helps save time and space in not having to keep the files you want on your iPad at all times.

8: Use virtual buttons

No one likes to imagine their shiny new iPad getting damaged. After all, a broken button can feel like a death sentence for electronics. However, Business Insider notes you can enable Assistive Touch and begin creating virtual buttons for things like the home button, volume buttons, and screen lock buttons. This ensures your device can live long past its outer shell!

9: Sketch on your iPad

Whether it’s killing time in a classroom or laying the conceptual foundation for your next work of art, sketching is a time-honored pencil and paper tradition. As the Apple website notes, you can keep this tradition alive on your iPad as well by using the drawing tools in the Notepad app. This lets you use your finger to doodle. Mess up your sketch? The eraser is just a touch away!

10: Read more easily at night

It doesn't take long for iPad users to see that reading at night can be downright painful as read black letters against a blinding background. Business Insider notes you can go to your Accessibility settings and invert colors. Now, the background is black and the letters are white, making night reading a breeze!

Internet Tips , Mobiles , new , other

Useful Tips and Tricks for iPad Users

||Satnam Shri Waheguru Ji|| undocopy.com Saturday, August 6, 2016

if you use a device running BlackBerry OS 10 and need to figure out how to sync your contacts and calendar, you’ve come to the right place. These steps will lead you through the whole process, from downloading Outlook Hotmail Connector to performing your first sync.

1. Make Sure You Have a Microsoft Email Account

This might seem obvious, but to perform a wireless sync of your contacts and calendar on BlackBerry OS 10 using Outlook Hotmail Connector, you’ll first need a Microsoft email account. If you already have an Outlook, Hotmail or Windows Live email account, you’re good to go. If not, go to Outlook.com or Windows Live and set one up. Then jump back here for the next step.

2. Download and Install Outlook Hotmail Connector

Now you need to get Outlook Hotmail Connector on your PC. There are a couple of different versions depending on your computer’s hardware. If you have a 32-bit PC, click here. If you have a 64-bit PC, then click here. Follow the download and installation instructions, then move on to the next step.

3. Add Your Microsoft Email Account to Microsoft Outlook

Now you’re ready to add your Microsoft email account to Outlook on your computer. Start by opening Outlook and clicking File in the menu bar. Now click +Add Account, then select Email account. You’ll be prompted to enter your name, the email address you’re adding and the associated password. Do so and click Next. Then click Finish.

4. Copy Your Current Contacts and Calendar Data to Your New Email Profile in Outlook

Now you can copy over your existing contacts and calendar data to your new email profile in Outlook. Just follow the instructions, verifying that the Sync Contacts & Sync Calendar toggle is set to On. And that’s it. Now the contacts and calendars on your phone and computer will automatically synchronize via wireless connection.

Mobiles , new , updates

HowTo Wirelessly Synchronize Contacts and Calendar on BlackBerry OS 10

||Satnam Shri Waheguru Ji|| undocopy.com

As smartphones have become more powerful, they've taken on more and more roles: digital camera, MP3 player, GPS navigator, flashlight and more. Add a third-party app store such as the Google Play Store to the mix and the number of ways you can use your phone grows even further.

You can take a screen shot on your Android device just by swiping your hand across the screen. Or, if you need to swiftly silence a pesky call, place your hand over the phone to mute it. To set this up, go into Settings, then choose My Device. Select Motions and Gestures and you’ll have the option to enable features such as Air gesture, Motion and Palm motion.

Use Your Device as a Hard Drive

Why carry around thumb drives when your Android device doubles as an external hard drive? Simply connect your device to a computer using its USB cable and follow these instructions here for set-up. Once you’ve done so, you can instantly start uploading and saving files onto your phone.

Turn on Tethering

Away from home and need to access the Web from your laptop? Tethering is your best bet. It allows your computer to go online using your phone’s data. To do this on a Samsung S4, S5 or S6, first connect your Android device to your computer with its USB cable. Then go into your phone’s Settings and look under your Network connections. Select More Networks and then Tethering. Make sure USB tethering is turned on and voilà, you can now browse the internet on your laptop. It sure beats looking for a coffee shop with free Wi-Fi or having to pay for Wi-Fi at a hotel. Click here to learn more about tethering your Android phone.

Also Read: What is an Android mobile phone ?

Control Your Data

Worried about overage charges? We don’t blame you. Luckily, the latest Android devices allow you to keep a stern eye on your data usage. All you have to do is go into your Settings and select Data usage. You can set mobile data limits, see exactly how much data you use per cycle and find out which apps have been eating up most of your data. You even have the option to turn your data off (don’t worry: you can always switch it back on). Click here to learn more about controlling your data usage.

Say Cheese!

Did you know you can snap photos and selfies on your Android device without even lifting your finger to click the shutter button? Launch the camera app, select the Gear icon and then tap the Microphone icon or tap on Voice Control to enable voice-control features. Now you can take pictures via voice command, by saying words such as “cheese,” “smile” and “shoot.”

Snap a Pic While Recording

Want to take a picture while recording a video? No problem. Once you’ve begun shooting, just tap the camera icon on the screen. A still photo will be saved in your gallery while you carry on shooting your video.

Share with Your Android Friends

Thanks to near-field-communication (NFC) technology, you can share just about anything – files, videos, music, photos, apps, etc. – with other Android users by touching one NFC-enabled device to another. Click here to see how it’s done.

Here’s to Your Health

The latest Samsung Galaxy phones come with the S Health app, which can check your heart rate and blood pressure. Simply press your finger into the app’s sensor and it will document all your health levels. It can also help you get in shape by tracking your daily activities, meals and fitness goals. Click here to learn more about S Health.

Face Unlock

You can unlock your phone with passwords, patterns and PINs, but did you know you can also open it with your face? That’s right: your Android device can recognize your face and, upon seeing you gazing into the front-facing camera, will unlock immediately. Click here to see how it’s done.

Things You Didn't Know Your Android Smartphone

||Satnam Shri Waheguru Ji|| undocopy.com Friday, August 5, 2016

Nowadays, Everyone use mobile Phones Specially for Connecting to the Internate and other Service also more than use for Actually for making phone calls.

The Quality of the Internate, You receive significantly. some countries like US,UK and many more have advance Telecom Neywork better than Other countries. It is not necessarily have some quality of network coverage as Big cities.

Your Smartphone, You know the capacity of your mobile network coverage using, Right side upper part of signal bar, always show G,2G,3G,H or 4G and many more. Today What we are talking about, but you know What about those Codes mean?? so keep reading this so You’re Never confused.

2G

Lets start work from slow to fastest. 2G in G means Generation. 2G was launched in 1991 and these technology allowed Data service such as SMS and MMS. The first time Radio Signals is better than 1G, so Great Spectrum and help to Mobile phone with Market. 2G has only speed of 50 Kbps(Kilobits per seconds), these are inclosed big part in Europe and North America, now being turned off 2G network.

G

G is short for (GPRS) General Packet Radio Service. It is started in 2000, After 2G. G has unofficial name is 2.5G G has transfer Maximum Speed of 114 Kbps(Kilobit per Seconds), which make it the slow connection. G is not Suitable for Instant Messaging like Fb Chat, Whats App or Hike. Because these are Extremely Slowly.

E

E represent (EDGE) Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. E started in 2003 and that time it has very popular becuase its support Maximum Speed of 217 Kbps(Kilobits per seconds). so speed about almost 3X Faster Than any of Predecessors. its a Faster Than G but You will Wait for any video Streaming on Youtube But the General Website they have Work done Fastly. 604 EDGE network in 213 Countries. this are Widest used Mobile Network in the World. its Unofficial Nickname is 2.75 G but E is for EDGE is suitable for this Network Coverage.

3G

3G is actually a lot Older Than People Realize. These first 3G launched in Japan in 2001, the first network of 3G in US was version windless and went live in July 2002. Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service(UMTS) is based on the 3G and these rather than GSM,GPRS,EDGE because its Maximum speed of 384 Kbps(Kilobits per seconds), its more than Adequate for streaming Music ad Ever Video. Today you will find 3G Network coverage found in everything on mobile Television and other Internate Technology.

H

H Symbol means, That High Speed Packet Access(HSPA) Network. HSPA is based on the same technology as 3G but Replace 3G technology (UMTS). its Maximum speed is of 7.2 Mbps(Megabits per Seconds). its easily Handle Download Music, Video,Web Browsing and other Application. H is support For Long term Download as a fastly like Movie Download or Large files. Worldwide began in 2010, But is very famous and available in Almost all Countries.

H+

H+ is Next Generation of H, Name refers(High Speed Packet Access) H+. these are greater Download speed than the Previous version. When 6 Brought these speed 14.4 Mbps , 7 Brought increase speed 21.1 Mbps, 8 Brought increase to 42.2 Mbps, 9 took it to 84.4 Mbps. Now release 10 at Maximum Speed of 168.8 Mbps. Now important to Remember, one will rarely see these speed during Normal speed. Most people can get New technology Network Coverage Like 4G Network but this are Limited availability.

4G

Rearly or Few people see notification 4G network in Bar, Who say lucky has Access the Greatest Mobile Network! 4G !. The 4G network in the world in 2009 form online in Stockholm, other country joined but slowly for these network coverage. In UK occured in 2014 but US is the largest cities Now have the Network. In 4G use (LTE) Long Term Evolution.

LTE has High speed, Specially Next Generation LTE-A Static to rollout.
WiMAX Network not supported system like 2G and 3G.
LTE has Draws less battery power on a mobile.

Now 4G is able to go Maximum speed as 1 Gigabits per seconds and these are suggest that when 5G Arrives. it also support speed upto 1 Tetabit per seconds.

it should be known that 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G etc refers to the different generations of wireless communication technology characterized by having a defined range of speed.

GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)

GPRS is a packet-based* wireless communication service. It is a 2G technology network that support a download speed of up to 114Kbps.

Limitation of GPRS is that GPRS data cannot be sent while a voice call is in progress.

EDGE(Enhanced Data GSM Evolution)

GPRS and EDGE are both 2G technology but EDGE is significantly faster with a download speed of up to 384Kbps. EDGE is sometimes called a 2.5G network as it also has some characteristics of a 3G network but it doesn't satisfy the specification.

Introduction of 3G network made video calling and seamless streaming of video possible, with download speed of up to 3.1Mbps.

HSDPA(High-Speed Down-link Packet Access)

It is based on the 3G network and an enhancement to 3G. Thus has a faster speed, download speed can be up to 14Mbps. HSDPA is sometimes called 3.5G.

HSPA+(Evolved High-Speed Packet Access)

HSPA+ is an evolution HSPA(HSDPA&HSUPA). It is a 4G technology that allows download at a rate of up to 168Mbps.

4G LTE(Long Term Evolution)

LTE is a 4G communication standard that supports HD video streaming, download speed as high as 299.6Mbps.

Summary

GPRS(114Kbps) < EGDE(368Kbps) < 3G(3.1Mbps) < HSDPA(14Mbps) < HSPA+(168Mbps) < 4G/LTE(299.6Mbps)

*Packet-based means data is broken into packets before being transmitted.

Difference between Voice Over LTE and 3G voice services?

LTE by design doesn't have a Circuit Switched core which means even the voice calls are routed through the packet switched networks.The challenge currently lies in the fact that LTE specifications doesn't have a mechanism to hand-over a call to CS network which in most cases is 3G network.

In real world, say for example a subscriber is driving in Area A with LTE coverage and is using VoLTE services and then he enters area B with only 3G services. In such a situation, the voice call will drop.

There are 2 solutions to this problem :-

1. Have LTE everywhere - This will happen but will take it take sometime to have it.

2. Re-direct CS calls to 3G networks - This is the economically viable and technologically possible, intermediate solution to the above problem.

4G LTE is a packet switched technology whereas 2G and 3G are circuit switched. The difference between circuit and packet switching is that in circuit switching, a link between the two parties having the call is made and it exists as long as the duration of the call. A particular amount of bandwidth is reserved to make the call. Packet switching does not require a dedicated line to be active for a call. It allocates portions of the bandwidth to different users for a certain duration. Data is broken down into packets and these are sent with packets from other users through a shared line. This makes packet switching less reliable than circuit switching. The advantage of packet switching is that it conserves bandwidth.

Voice traffic from cellular phones is usually carried through circuit switched lines. Packet switching is prone to increased latency as some packets may take longer to arrive. This is detrimental to voice calls which have strict limitations on latency. For example, if a person transmits "Hello", the communications system would break this down to packets and send them individually. Some packets may encounter a delay and some could get lost. It is the duty of the receiver to re-assemble the packets. With the loss and delay, all that the person at the other end can hear would be " he" and "o". With advancements in technology and better protocols, voice transmission over packet switched networks had gotten better. Skype, Google Hangouts and other VoIP services now offer better call quality. This greatly depends on the choice of transport protocol, the bandwidth of the links and the choice of the codec.

As 4G LTE uses a packet switched network to transmit data, there are two technologies that are used for voice calls,

1) CSFB or Circuit Switched Fall Back, when a user makes a voice call the mobile latches to a 3G or 2G network that is available to make the call. Data traffic is sent through the LTE network.

2) VoLTE or Voice over LTE, which is similar to VoIP and the voice traffic is packetized and sent through LTE. The operator will have to invest heavily in the network infrastructure to improve call quality on VoLTE.

Most operators who provide LTE services also have legacy services (2G or 3G) support in the area. This is why they prefer the CSFB option for voice calls.

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